TE 303 - Please give Dr.B some feedback about Thermo-CD

Well, the final is over and the holidays are almost here. I hope you had a great semester and learned a lot.

If you would be so kind as to share your opinions about Thermo-CD or ideas about how I could improve the program or workbook, that would be greatly appreciated. You can make your comments anonymously, but they would be more credible if you chose to give your name. Whether you give your name or not is up to you. I will NOT contact you in either case. You can always send questions or comments directly to me if you prefer: Dr.B@LearnThermo.com

Best of luck to all of you in the years ahead !

Happy Holidays,
Dr. B

TE 303 - HW #8, P1 - Inventor Claim for Silicon Chip - 20 pts

An inventor claims to have created a silicon chip whose surface temperature is no more than 60 °C. The silicon chip has dimensions of 5 mm on each side with a 1 mm thickness, and is embedded in a ceramic substrate. At steady state, the chip has an electrical power input of 0.225 W. The top surface of the chip is exposed to a coolant whose temperature is 20 °C. The heat transfer coefficient for convection (h) between the coolant and chip is 105 W/m²•K. Evaluate the inventor's claim using the following:

a.) First Law Energy Balance, assuming that the heat transfer by conduction between the chip and substrate is negligible.

b.) Second Law Energy Balance: Calculate entropy generation.

In your analysis section, be sure to comment on what is the main source of entropy generation in this system.

No old comments.

TE 303 - HW #8, P2 - Maximum Work From an Adiabatic Turbine - 10 pts

Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 800 psia and 900^oF and leaves at a pressure of 40 psia. Determine the maximum amount of work that can be delivered by this turbine.

No old comments.

TE 303 - HW #8, P3 - Lost Work in a Heat Exchanger - 15 pts

A well-insulated shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water (CP = 4.18 kJ/kg-K) in the tubes from 20oC to 70oC at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (CP = 2.30 kJ/kg-K) that enters the shell side at 170oC at a rate of 10 kg/s.



Disregarding any heat loss from the heat exchanger, determine...

a.) The exit temperature of the oil.
b.) The rate of entropy generation in the heat exchanger.
c.) The rate at which work is lost due to the irreversible nature of heat transfer in this process in kW. Assume the surroundings are at 20oC.

3 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #8, P4 - Entropy Generation and Lost Work in a Nozzle - 20 pts

Oxygen, O2, enters a nozzle operating at steady-state at 3.8 MPa, 387oC and 10 m/s. At the nozzle exit, the conditions are 150 kPa, 37oC and 790 m/s.

a.) For a system that encloses the nozzle only, determine the heat transfer (kJ/kg) and the change in specific entropy (kJ/kg-K), both per kg of oxygen flowing through the nozzle. What additional information would be required to evaluate the rate of entropy production in this process ?

b.) Using an enlarged system boundary that includes the nozzle and a portion of its immediate surroundings, evaluate the rate of entropy generation (kJ/kg-K) and the rate of lost work (kJ/kg), both per kg of oxygen flowing through the nozzle. Assume that heat exchange at the enlarged system boundary takes place at the ambient temperature, 20oC.

Treat O2 as an ideal gas with variable heat capacities. Verify that the ideal gas assumption is valid.

2 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #8, P5 - Entropy Balance for a Power Plant - 25 pts

The figure to the right shows a simple vapor power plant operating at steady state with water as the working fluid. Data at key locations are given in the figure. The mass flow rate of the water circulating through the components is 109 kg/s. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored.



Determine the following:

a.) The mass flow rate of the cooling water, in kg/s.
b.) The thermal efficiency.
c.) The rates of entropy production, each in kW/K, for the turbine, condenser, and pump.

In your analysis section, place the components in rank order, beginning with the component contributing most to inefficient operation of the overall system.

No old comments.

TE 303 - HW #7, P1 - The Increase of Entropy - 15 pts

a.) Will the entropy of steam increase, decrease or remain the same as it flows through a real adiabatic turbine ?

b.) Will the entropy of the working fluid in an ideal Carnot Cycle increase, decrease or remain the same during the isothermal heat addition process ?

c.) Steam is accelerated as it flows through a real, adiabatic nozzle. Will the entropy of the steam at the nozzle exit be greater than, equal to or less than the entropy at the nozzle inlet ?

3 old comments

TE 303 - HW #7, P2 - Efficiency of an Int. Rev. HE with Multiple Heat Transfers - 10 pts

A system executes a power cycle while receiving 750 kJ by heat transfer at 1500 K and rejecting 100 kJ of heat at 500 K. A heat transfer from the system also occurs at 1000 K. There are no other heat transfers. If no internal irreversibilities exist in this system, determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

No old comments.

TE 303 - HW #7, P3 - ΔSSys, ΔSRes, and ΔSUniv, for a H.T. Process - 15 pts

During the isothermal heat addition process of a Carnot Cycle, 900 kJ of heat is added to the working fluid from a source at 400oC. Determine:

a.) the entropy change of the working fluid
b.) the entropy change of the heat source
c.) the total entropy change of the universe for this process.

1 old comment

TE 303 - HW #7, P4 - Specific Entropy Change Using Tabluar Data - 16 pts

Using the appropriate table, determine the change in specific entropy in kJ/kg-K for:

a.) Water: P1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 400 degC and P2 = 10 MPa, T2 = 100 degC.
b.) R-134a: H1 = 211.44 kJ/kg, T1 = - 40 degC and P2 = 5 bar, x2 = 1.0.
c.) Air (IG): T1 = 7 degC, P1 = 2 bar and T2 = 327 degC, P2 = 1 bar.
d.) Hydrogen (H2, IG): T1 = 727 degC, P1 = 1 bar and T2 = 25 degC, P2 = 3 bar.

4 old comments

TE 303 - HW #7, P5 - DSUniv Upon Quenching an Iron Block - 20 pts

A 12 kg iron block initially at 350 degC is quenched in an insulated tank that contains 100 kg of water at 22 degC. Assuming the water that vaporizes during the process condenses back into the liquid phase inside the tank, determine the entropy change of the universe for this process.

6 old comments

TE 303 - HW #7, P6 - DS for Heat Transfer to R-134a in a Rigid Tank - 18 pts

A 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains R-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40% quality. Heat is transferred to the refrigerant from a source at 35oC until the pressure rises to 400 kPa. Determine…

a.) The entropy change of the R-134a.
b.) The entropy change of the heat source.
c.) The entropy change of the universe for this process.

2 old comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P1 - "Show That" Using the K-P Statement of the 2nd Law - 10 pts

Using the Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd Law, demonstrate the following corollaries.

a.) The coefficient of performance (COP) of an irreversible heat pump cycle is always less than the COP of a reversible heat pump when both heat pumps exchange heat with the same two thermal reservoirs.

b.) All reversible heat pump cycles exchanging heat with the same two thermal reservoirs have the same COP.

8 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P2 - Rev., Irrev. and Impossible Refrigeration Cycles - 16 pts

A refrigeration cycle operating between two reservoirs receives QC from a cold reservoir at TC = 250 K and rejects QH to a hot reservoir at TH = 300 K. For each of the following cases, determine whether the cycle is reversible, irreversible or impossible.

a.) QC = 1000 kJ and Wcycle = 400 kJ
b.) QC = 1500 kJ and QH = 1800 kJ
c.) QH = 1500 kJ and Wcycle = 200 kJ
d.) COP = 4

No Old Comments.

TE 303 - HW #6, P3 - A Reversible HE Used to Drive a Reversible Heat Pump - 10 pts

A reversible power cycle receives QH from a reservoir at TH and rejects QC to a reservoir at TC. The work developed by the power cycle is used to drive a reversible heat pump that removes Q'C from a reservoir at T'C and rejects Q'H to a reservoir at T'H.

a.) Develop an expression for the ratio Q'H / QH in terms of the temperatures of the four reservoirs.
b.) What must be the relationship of the temperatures TH, TC, T'C and T'H for Q'H / QH to exceed a value of 1.0 ?

9 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P4 - COMPUTER ANALYSIS: Temp Effects on HE Efficiency - 15 pts

A heat engine operates between a source at TH and a sink at TC. Heat is supplied to the heat engine at a steady rate of 1200 kJ/min. Study the effects of TH and TC on the maximum power produced and the maximum cycle efficiency. For TC = 25oC, let TH vary from 300oC to 1000oC. Create plots of Wcycle and ηth as functions of TH. For TH = 550oC, let TC vary from 0oC to 50oC. Create plots of Wcycle and ηth as functions of TC. Discuss the results. Please note that there will be NO credit given for this problem if it is not solved with Excel.

6 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P5 - Maximum Efficiency of an OTEC Power Plant - 8 pts

Ocean temperature energy conversion (OTEC) power plants generate power by utilizing the naturally occurring decrease with depth of the temperature ocean water. Near Florida, the ocean surface temperature is 27oC while at a depth of 700 m the temperature is 7oC. Determine the maximum possible thermal efficiency for any power cycle operating between these two temperatures. The thermal efficiency of existing OTEC plants is approximately 2%, so compare this value with your result. In your analysis section (4 pts), also comment on whether you think that OTEC power plants are viable alternatives to existing power plants.

No Old Comments.

TE 303 - HW #6, P6 - Carnot Gas Power Cycle Analysis - 16 pts

One kg of air as an ideal gas executes a Carnot power cycle having a thermal efficiency of 60%. The heat transfer to the air during the isothermal expansion is 40 kJ. At the end of the isothermal expansion, the pressure is 5.6 bar and the volume is 0.3 m3. Determine...

a.) The maximum and mininmum temperatures for the cycle in Kelvin.
b.) The pressure in bar and volume in m3 at the beginning of the isothermal expansion.
c.) The work and heat transfer for each of the four processes in kJ.
Assume: CV,air = 0.731 kJ/kg-K(constant).
d.) Sketch the cycle on a PV diagram.

9 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P7 - Carnot HE Used to Drive a Carnot Refrigerator - 10 pts

A Carnot Heat Engine receives heat from a reservoir at 900oC at a rate of 800 kJ/min and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 27oC. The entire work output of the heat engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at -5oC and rejects heat to the same ambient air at 27oC. Determine:

a.) the maximum rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space
b.) the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air

No Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #6, P8 - Ammonia Carnot Vapor Refrigeration Cycle - 15 pts

Three kg of ammonia executes a Carnot vapor refrigeration cycle. During the isothermal compression (cooling) step, the ammonia begins as a saturated mixture at 10 bar with a quality of 97% and it is cooled until it is a saturated liquid. The adiabatic compression step requires 128 kJ/kg of work to increase the pressure from 1.1 bar to 10 bar.

a.) Sketch the cycle on a PV diagram.
b.) Evaluate the heat and work for each process in kJ.
c.) Evaluate the COP for this cycle.

7 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P1 - Adiabatic Steam Nozzle - 10 pts

Steam at 3 MPa and 400oC enters an adiabatic nozzle at a velocity of 40 m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/s. Determine…

a.) The temperature of the steam when it leaves the nozzle.

b.) The ratio of the inlet cross-sectional area to the outlet cross-sectional area, A1 / A2.

Assume the process operates at steady-state.

No old comments.

TE 303 - HW #5, P2 - Adiabatic Gas Turbine - 10 pts

Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine at 900 kPa and 450oC with a velocity of 80 m/s and leaves at 150 kPa and a velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet cross-sectional area is 60 cm2. If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit temperature of the argon. The process operates at steady-state and argon behaves as an ideal gas.

20 Old comments !!

TE 303 - HW #5, P3 - Effluent Pressure in a Non-Adiabatic Steam Diffuser - 10 pts

Steam enters a diffuser at a pressure of 14.7 psia, a temperature of 300oF and a velocity of 500 ft/s. Steam exits the diffuser as a saturated vapor with negligible kinetic energy. Heat transfer occurs from the steam to the surroundings at a rate of 19.59 Btu/lbm of flowing steam. Neglecting potential energy effects, determine the exit pressure in psia. Assume the diffuser operates at steady-state.

10 Old comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P4 - Analysis of a Two-Stage, Adiabatic Turbine - 12 pts

A well-insulated two-stage turbine operating at steady-state is shown in the diagram. Steam enters at 3 MPa and 400oC with a volumetric flow rate of 85 m3/min. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at a pressure of 0.5 MPa and a temperature of 180oC. The rest expands to a pressure of 6 kPa and a quality of 90%. The total power developed by the turbine is 11,400 kW. Changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Determine:

a.) The mass flow rate of the steam at each of the two exits.

b.) The diameter in meters of the duct through which the 0.5 MPa steam is extracted if the velocity there is 20 m/s.



6 Old comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P5 - COMPUTER ANALYSIS: Adiabatic Steam De-Superheater - 15 pts

As shown in the diagram, 15 kg/s of steam enters a de-superheater operating at steady-state at 30 bar and 320oC where it is mixed with liquid water at 25 bar and temperature T3 to produce saturated vapor at 20 bar. Heat transfer between the device and its surroundings and changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.



a.) If T3 = 200oC, determine the mass flow rate of stream 3.

b.) Plot the mass flow rate of stream 3 in kg/s as a function of T3 as T3 ranges from 20 to 220oC.

Note that the use of ThermalFluids will avoid the need to interpolate in this problem!

4 Old comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P6 - Pump Horsepower Requirment - 10 pts

The pump shown here increases the pressure in liquid water from 200 to 4000 kPa.



What is the minimum horsepower motor required to drive the pump for a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s ?

8 Old comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P7 - Waste Heat Steam Generator - 15 pts

At steady-state, water enters the waste heat recovery steam generator shown in the diagram at 42 psia and 220oF and exits at 40 psia and 320oF. The steam is then fed into a turbine from which it exits at 1 psia and a quality of 90%.



Air from an oven exhaust enters the steam generator at 360oF and 1 atm with a volumetric flow rate of 3000 ft3/min and exits at 280oF and 1 atm. Ignore all heat exchange with the surroundings and any changes in potential and kinetic energies. Determine the power developed by the turbine in horsepower.

CP,air = 7.05 Btu/lbmole-oF.

9 Old comments

TE 303 - HW #5, P8 - Transient Heating of an Office Space - 18 pts

The air supply to a 20000 ft3 office has been shut off overnight to conserve utilities, and the room temperature has dropped to 40oF. In the morning, a worker resets the thermostat to 70oF, and 200 ft3/min of air at 120oF begins to flow into the office through a heating duct. The air is well-mixed within the room and an equal mass flow of air at room temperature is withdrawn through a return duct. The air pressure is essentially 1 atm everywhere. Ignoring heat exchange with the surroundings, as well as any changes in kinetic or potential energies, estimate how long it takes for the room temperature to reach 70oF. Assume g = 1.4 for the air.

HINTS :
This is a transient or unsteady process because helium enters the system (the balloon). Assume the He behaves as an ideal gas, but check to see if this is a good assumption. Use the IG EOS to determine the initial mass of He in the balloon. After you determine V2, calculating Wb is easy ! Then, simultaneously solve two equations in two unknowns. The equations are: the IG EOS applied to the final state of the balloon and the transient form of the 1st Law applied to this process. The two unknowns are: T2, mHe,2 .
The catch is that we must determine values for U1, U2 and Hin. These are NOT ΔU's and ΔH's but real U's and H's. In order to do this (just like the steam tables) we MUST choose a reference state. A reference state is a T, P and phase at which YOU choose to make EITHER U or H zero kJ/kg. I want you to use a reference state of U = 0 for He gas at 22 oC and 100 kPa. The P doesn't actually matter because He is treated as an IG in this problem so U and H are not functions of P anyway.

Once you have a ref state, use a Hypothetical Process Path from the ref state to states 1, 2 and inlet to evaluate U1, U2 and Hin using the IG EOS and CV and CP given in the problem.

For He, use: CP = 5.1926 kJ/kg-K and CV = 3.1156 kJ/kg-K.

11 Old comments !

TE 303 - HW #4, P1 - Compression of Cooling Air by a Linear Spring - 15 pts

Warm air is conatined in a piston-and-cylinder device oriented horizontally, as shown below. The air cools slowly from an initial volume of 0.003 m3 to a final volume of 0.002 m3. During this process, the spring exerts a force that varies linearly from 900 N to a final value of zero N. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the area of the piston face is 0.018 m2. Friction between the piston and cylinder wall can be neglected because the process occurs so slowly. For the air, determine the initial and final pressures in kPa and the boundary work for the process in kJ.

TE 303 - HW #4, P2 - Work and Heat Transfer for a Closed, 3-Step Cycle - 15 pts

A closed system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:

Process 1-2: Adiabatic compression from P1 = 50 psia, V1 = 3.0 ft3 to V2 = 1 ft3 along a path described by :



Process 2-3: Constant volume.
Process 3-1: Constant pressure with U1 - U3 = 46.7 Btu.

There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energies in any of the processes.
a.) Sketch this cycle on a PV Diagram.
b.) Calculate the net work for the cycle in Btu.
c.) Calculate the heat transfer for process 2-3.

6 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #4, P3 - COMPUTER ANALYSIS: P-V Data - 20 pts

Measured data for pressure versus volume during the expansion of gases within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine are given in the table below:

Data Point V (cm^3) P (bar)
1 300 15
2 361 12
3 459 9
4 644 6
5 903 4
6 1608 2

Using data from the table and using EXCEL, complete the following:
(a) Determine the value of d such that the data are fit by an equation of the form PVd = constant. (HINT: take the log of both sides and rearrange into a linear equation.) You are expected to extract the value of d from either doing a curve fit with something like least squares, or from the slope or intercept function in Excel for the appropriate graph.

(b) Evaluate analytically the work done by the gases, in kJ, using the appropriate equation from class along with the result from (a).

(c) Using numerical integration of the data, evaluate the work done by the gases, in kJ (NOTE: Be careful about converting your units!). A common numerical integration method is the Trapezoidal Rule for Unevenly Spaced Data. Using this method, you can approximate the integral in the following way:



where Ai is the area of each rectangular interval, and n is the number of rectangular intervals.

For more information on the Trapezoidal Rule, please see the following website: http://oregonstate.edu/~haggertr/487/integrate.htm

For the "analysis" section of your Engineering Model, be sure to compare the different methods for estimating the work used in parts (b) and (c).

TE 303 - HW #4, P4 - Combined Convection and Radiation Heat Loss - 8 pts

A 3.0 m2 hot black surface at 80oC is losing heat to the surrounding air at 25oC by convection with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 12 W/m2-oC, and by radiation to the surrounding surfaces at 15oC. Determine the total rate of heat loss from the surface in W.

2 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #4, P5 - Minimum Insulation Thickness for a Hot Surface - 10 pts

A flat surface is covered with insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/m-K. The temperature at the interface between the surface and the insulation is 300oC. The outside of the insulation is exposed to air at 30oC and the convection heat transfer coefficient between the insulation and the air is 10 W/m2-K. Ignoring radiation heat transfer, determine the minimum thickness of the insulation, in m, such that the outside surface of the insulation is not hotter than 60oC at steady-state.

2 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #4, P6 - Isobaric Expansion of R-134a - 15 pts

A piston-and-cylinder device with a set of stops contains 10 kg of R-134a. Initially, 8.0 kg of the refrigerant is in the liquid phase and the temperature is -8.0oC. Now, heat is transferred slowly into the refrigerant until the piston hits the stops. At this point, the volume is 400 L. Determine:

a.) The temperature of the R-134a when the piston reaches the stops.
b.) The boundary work done during this expansion process.
c.) The heat transfer during this expansion process.
d.) Show this process on a PV Diagram.

13 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #4, P7 - 1st Law Analysis of Steam in a Closed System - 8 pts

As shown in the figure below, 5.0 kg of steam contained within a piston-and-cylinder device undergoes an expansion from state 1 where the specific internal energy is 2709.9 kJ/kg to state 2 where the specific internal energy is 2659.6 kJ/kg. During the process, there is heat transefer to the steam with a magnitude of 80 kJ. Also, a paddle wheel transfers energy to the steam by work in the amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant change in the kinetic or gravitational potential energies of the steam. Determine the work done by the steam on the piston during the process in kJ.

TE 303 - HW #4, P8 - Work for a "Non-Standard" P-V Relationship - 9 pts

Oxygen (O2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion from a volume V1 = 0.01 m3 to a volume V2 = 0.03 m3. The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is P = AV-1 + B, where A = 0.06 bar m3, and B = 3.0 bar. For the O2 , determine the following:

a.) The initial and final pressures, each in bar.
b.) The work, in kJ.

TE 303 - HW #3, P1 - Steam NIST / TFT Fundamentals - 8 pts

Complete the following table for water (revisited from HW2) using either the NIST Webbook or the Thermal Fluids Excel Plug in. Be sure to cite which one that you used. Your grade will be based mostly on the use of technology, not on the answers. Your solution must be different than your solution from HW2.

T(oC) P(kPa) H(kJ/kg) x(kg vap/kg) Phase Description

a.) P = 200 kPa and x = 0.7 kg vap/kg
b.) T = 140 degC and H = 1800 kJ/kg
c.) P = 950 kPa and x = 0 kg vap/kg
d.) T = 80 degC and P = 500 kPa
e.) P = 800 kPa and H = 3161.7 kJ/kg

No Old Comments.

TE 303 - HW #3, P2 - R-134a NIST/TFT Fundamentals - 12 pts

Complete the following table for R-134a(revisited from HW2) using either the NIST Webbook or the Thermal Fluids Excel Plug in. Be sure to cite which one that you used. Your grade will be based mostly on the use of technology, not on the answers. Your solution must be different than your solution from HW2.

Include an analysis of a comparison of this solution (including Problem 1) to using traditional data tables in HW2. Are the values comparable? Is interpolation still necessary? Which method is more efficient? Explain. (4 pts)

T(oF) P(psia) U(Btu/lbm) x(lbm vap/lbm) Phase Description

a.) P = 80 psia and U = 126 Btu/lbm
b.) T = 15 degF and x = 0.6 lbm vap/lbm
c.) T = 10 degF and P = 70 psia
d.) P = 180 psia and U = 226 Btu/lbm
e.) T = 110 degF and x = 1.0 lbm vap/lbm

3 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #3, P3 - Determining DH Using Heat Capacity Polynomials - 16 pts

Determine the change in the specific enthalpy of nitrogen (N2), in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 600 to 1500 K, using:

a.) The empirical specific heat equation (Shomate Eqn) from the NIST Website.
b.) "The CoP value at the average temperature. (Use the heat capacity polynomial to determine this CoP value.)
c.) The CoP value at room temperature, 25oC. (Use the heat capacity polynomial to determine this CoP value.)

In your analysis, be sure to include a comparison of these three methods. (4 pts)
HINT: You can get the parameters for the Shomate Equation from the NIST Webbook by searching by "name", then click on "gas phase data", then "gas phase thermochemistry data". Part (a) Integral of CoP with respect to T...just like in class. Parts (b) and (c) are easier. Just evaluate CoP at ONE T and then assume CoP has this value and it is constant.

8 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #3, P4 - Determining DU Using Heat Capacity Polynomials - 16 pts

Determine the change in the specific internal energy of hydrogen (H2), in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 400 to 1000 K, using:

a.) The empirical specific heat equation (Shomate Eqn) from the NIST Website.
b.) The CoV value at the average temperature. (Use the heat capacity polynomial to determine this CoV value.)
c.) The CoV value at room temperature, 25oC. (Use the heat capacity polynomial to determine this CoV value.)

In your analysis, be sure to include a comparison of these three methods. (4 pts)
HINT: To start this problem, copy your spreadsheet from #3 after you solved it, and then modify it for this problem. Some of the calculations are the same! Part (a) Integral of CoV with respect to T...just like in class. Parts (b) and (c) are easier. Just evaluate CoV at ONE T and then assume CoV has this value and it is constant. Remember that you are using the IDEAL GAS heat capacity.

3 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #3, P5 - Clapeyron & Clausius-Clapeyron Equations - 16 pts

Estimate the latent heat of vaporization, in Btu/lbm, of ammonia at -10oF using:

a.) The Clapeyron equation
b.) The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
c.) The ammonia tables

In your analysis, be sure to include a comparison of these three methods and propose a reason for any significant differences. (4 pts)

13 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #3, P6 - Hypothetical Process Paths and the Latent Heat of Vaporization - 24 pts

Determine the change in enthalpy in Joules for 20.0 g of heptane (C7H16) as it changes from a saturated liquid at 300 K [State 1] to a temperature of 370 K and a pressure of 58.7 kPa [State 4]; you can follow the hypothetical process path in the diagram to the right. Do not use tables of thermodynamic properties, except to check your answers. (In other words, you will not get credit for the problem if you use the tables.)

First, draw the states on a P-V or T-V diagram (4 pts). Then, calculate the DH for each step in the path using what you know about the enthalpy for each step. You might want to use the Antoine Equation to estimate the heat of vaporization of heptane at 300 K. Use the average heat capacity of heptane gas over the temperature range of interest (is this assumption valid?).

Assume heptane gas is an ideal gas at the relevant temperatures and pressures.

For the analysis section, be sure to discuss how this result differs than what you would have done using just the thermodynamics data tables, as well as the validity of your assumptions (5 pts).

HINTS: The key to the first step in this HPP is the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. Use the Antoine equation to help you estimate the latent heat of vaporization at T1. In the second step, interpolate on the Cp data from the NIST WebBook to determine Cp(T1) and Cp(T2). Then, use the average of these two Cp's to evaluate the change in enthalpy. All you need to do is think a little bit and you will see how to evaluate ΔU34.

6 Old Comments

TE 303 - HW #2, P1 - Steam Table Fundamentals - 8 pts

Complete the following table for water. Be sure to cite which source of thermodynamic data tables that you used.

T(oC) P(kPa) H(kJ/kg) x(kg vap/kg) Phase Description

a.) P = 200 kPa and x = 0.7 kg vap/kg
b.) T = 140 degC and H = 1800 kJ/kg
c.) P = 950 kPa and x = 0 kg vap/kg
d.) T = 80 degC and P = 500 kPa
e.) P = 800 kPa and H = 3161.7 kJ/kg

OLD comments

TE 303 - HW #2, P2 - R-134a Table Fundamentals - 8 pts

Complete the following table for R-134a. Be sure to cite which source of thermodynamic data tables that you used.

T(oF) P(psia) U(Btu/lbm) x(lbm vap/lbm) Phase Description

a.) P = 80 psia and U = 126 Btu/lbm
b.) T = 15 degF and x = 0.6 lbm vap/lbm
c.) T = 10 degF and P = 70 psia
d.) P = 180 psia and U = 226 Btu/lbm
e.) T = 110 degF and x = 1.0 lbm vap/lbm

OLD comments

TE 303 - HW #2, P3 - R-134a Table Fundamentals - 9 pts

A 0.5 m3 vessel contains 10 kg of R-134a at -20oC. Determine…

a.) The pressure in kPa
b.) The total internal energy in kJ
c.) The volume occupied by the liquid phase in m3

OLD comments

TE 303 - HW #2, P4 - Isochoric Heating of Water - 8 pts

Five kilograms of H2O are contained in a closed, rigid tank at an initial pressure of 20 bar and a quality of 50%. Heat transfer occurs until the tank contains only saturated vapor. Determine the volume of the tank, in m3, and the final pressure in bar.

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TE 303 - HW #2, P5 - Isobaric Expansion of Water - 12 pts

A piston-and-cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 25oC and 300 kPa. Heat is added to the water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized.

a.) What is the mass of the water in the cylinder in kg ?
b.) What is the final temperature of the water in the cylinder in oC ?
c.) Determine the total enthalpy change of the water for this process, in kJ.
d.) Show the process on a completely labeled TV Diagram.

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TE 303 - HW #2, P6 - Inflating an Automobile Tire - 12 pts

The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 ft3 is at 90oF and 20 psig. Determine the mass of air that must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30 psig. Assume atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia and both the temperature and the volume of the air in the tire remain constant as it is inflated. Assume that the air in the tire behaves as an ideal gas, but then check the validity of this assumption.

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TE 303 - HW #2, P7 - An Application of Equations of State - 25 pts

A 0.016773 m3 tank contains 1 kg of R-134a at 110oC. Determine the pressure of the refrigerant using:

a.) The Ideal Gas EOS
b.) The Compressibility Factor EOS
c.) The R-134a Tables
d.) The van der Waal EOS
e.) The Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS

In your analysis, be sure to discuss a comparison of these equations of states (5 points).

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TE 303 - HW #2, P8 - Relative Humidity and Fogged Glasses - 8 pts

The Campus Police heard that you were a thermodynamics guru, so they have come to you to help figure out if a witness to a crime is credible. The eyewitness claims that upon entering her apartment complex, she saw the suspect leaving the downstairs apartment with some electronics equipment. Since the eyewitness must wear glasses and stated that she was wearing them at the time, the Campus Police want to know if her glasses would have fogged up when entering the building and thus obstructed her view. The temperature of the apartment complex was measured to be 20 °C, and the outdoor temperature to be 10oC. A humidity gauge indicated that the relative humidity in the apartment complex is 55%. Assuming that the eyewitness did not have anti-fog lenses, do you think that this eyewitness could have been obstructed by fogged lenses? Provide supporting calculations.

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TE 303 - Welcome to the LearnThermo Blog

For each homework problem that Dr. Pasquinelli assigns, I will post the problem statement on this blog. If you have any questions about the problem, click on the small red "comments" at the end of the problem statement. This will take you to a page where you can see all of the questions that you classmates asked, as well as my answers. If nothing you find on this page answers your question, then you can type in a new question for me. You should probably choose the "Name/URL" option for your identity. This will let you make up any name you like. This helps me state which question I am answering. But you don't need to use your real name. That way you and I can interact and no one will know who you are.

I will check this blog twice per day during the week, but you cannot rely on me on the weekend. I will probably only check the blog on Sunday night.

BUT I encourage you to answer each others questions ! You don't really, really (Shrek) understand something until you can explain it to someone else. So, try to help someone. It is anonymous. You might get a deeper understanding of the problem, and helping someone learn is a good thing to do.

I have blogged (with my students) many of the problems Dr. Pasquinelli will use in this course. You can search this blog to see the questions and answers that are already posted. I suggest you focus your search on March through June 2007.

You might also consider the supplemental example problems for Thermo-CD. These are posted on my LearnThermo webiste. Here is the link that goes directly to the additional example problems:
LearnThermo.com Examples

I look forward to working with you.

Adios,
Dr. B

TE 303 - HW #1, P1 - Mass, Force, Density and Acceleration - 10 pts

A closed system consists of 0.5 lbmole of liquid water and occupies a volume of 0.145 ft3. Determine the weight of the system, in lbf, and the average density, in lbm/ft3, at a location where the acceleration of gravity is g = 30.5 ft/s2.

TE 303 - HW #1, P2 - Mass, Weight and Acceleration - 6 pts

The weight of an object on an orbiting space station is measured to be 42 N based on an artificial acceleration of 6 m/s2. What is the weight o f the object, in N, on Earth, where g = 9.81 m/s2 ?

TE 303 - HW #1, P3 - NOx Emissions: UNITS - 6 pts

A typical car driven 12,000 miles/year emits to the atmosphere about 11 kg/year of NOx (nitrogen oxides), which causes smog in cities. Natural gas burned in a home furnace emits about 4.3 g of NOx per therm and electric power plants emit about 7.1 g NOx per kWh of electricity produced. Consider a household that has two cars and consumes 9,000 kWh of electricity and 1,200 therms of natural gas. Determine the amount of NOx emission to the atmosphere per year for which the household is responsible.

TE 303 - HW #1, P4 - Temperature Conversions: Celsius to Fahrenheit - 12 pts

Convert the following temperatures from oC to oF.
a.) 21 oC
b.) -17.78 oC
c.) -50 oC
d.) 300 oC
e.) 100 oC
f.) -273.15 oC

TE 303 - HW #1, P5 - Temperature Conversions: Fahrenheit to Celsius - 12 pts

Convert the following temperatures from oF to oC.

a.) 212 oF
b.) 68 oF
c.) 32 oF
d.) 0 oF
e.) -40 oF
f.) -459.67 oF

TE 303 - HW #1, P6 - Temperature Change - 6 pts

The temperature of a system rises by 72oC during a heating process. Express this temperature increase in Kelvins and degrees Rankine.

TE 303 - HW #1, P7 - Absolute and gauge Pressures - 15 pts

Tank A lies inside of Tank B, as shown in the figure. Pressure gauge A is located inside Tank B and reads 1.4 bar. Both tanks contain air. The manometer connected to Tank B contains mercury (r = 13.59 g/cm3). The manometer reading is h = 20 cm, atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa and g = 9.81 m/s2. Determine the absolute pressures inside Tank A and Tank B in kPa.

TE 303 - HW#1, P8 - Differential, Multi-Fluid Manometer - 18 pts

Fresh water and seawater flowing in parallel, horizontal pipelines are connected to each other by a double u-tube manometer, as shown in the figure. Determine the pressure difference between the two pipelines in kPa. Assume the density of seawater to be 1035 kg/m3. Can the air column be ignored in this analysis ?